Introduction
Trauma Bonding has a popular, common usage meaning which has nothing to do with the meaning that I understood. I only knew the psychological meaning which applied particularly to mind control programming. I have previously advised people to look up trauma bonding when they asked questions about why people revisit abusive relatives or similar questions. Now I wonder which explanation they found!
This tweet explains that the Pop psychology meaning of Trauma Bonding is “connecting with someone who has also experienced trauma particularly when they are similar in nature.”
Its popular meaning is bonding over shared similar trauma.
The tweet also goes on to say that the actual psychological meaning of Trauma Bonding is when victims develop emotional attachments to their abusers, which is close to the definition I understood.
When researching for this article, a couple of Psychology Dictionaries I checked had no definition for Trauma Bonding, so I thought I might disambiguate / clarify / discuss trauma bonding in this post.
Trauma “Betrayal Bonding”
There definitely needs to be a way of distinguishing the two definitions of the same term. It will be impossible to try to get the mind controlled definition to a wider audience whilst there is a more widespread / popular meaning of the same word in wider usage. The majority will not understand the more specific mind control meaning.
In this article I will use the term Trauma Betrayal Bonding when I refer to it, whilst still quoting Trauma Bonding for those that have used the term. I have considered other possible terms
forced trauma bonding
trauma/ detrauma bonding
trauma bonding programming
trauma love bonding
bonding to perpetrator
Certainly I do not think the term Trauma Betrayal Bonding is perfect, but there must be some term we use that is able to be differentiated from a more popular definition, when we come out of the Mkultra / mind control bubble.
Trauma Betrayal Bonding Explanations
This is useful explanation
Trauma bonding is an unhealthy emotional attachment to someone who causes you physical, emotional, and/or sexual harm. In such relationships, the abusive partner can fluctuate between extreme affection and extreme abuse in repeated cycles. The episodes of affection serve as positive reinforcement that staying in the relationship is "worth it."
Trauma bonding tends to form subtly, often without the abused partner ever realizing it. People with a history of child abuse are vulnerable because they often have an altered perception of what a healthy relationship looks like.
Very Well Health Trauma Bonding [21]
This is Psychology Today definition / explanation…
Psychology Today Trauma Bonding [24]
The Psychology Today mentioned a hormonal attachment caused by repeated abuse.
The following tweet also emphasises the physical / chemical / hormonal element of the process.
I am not saying any of these explanations are correct, I have not researched the science of trauma betrayal bonding, I am just signposting some ideas to take into consideration.
These following explanations / examples are from two ex- mind control programmers, Cisco Wheeler and Svali, and also information from Unwelcome Ozian.
Cisco
Cisco talked about how programmers caused trauma betrayal bonds between themselves and programmed victims…
Cisco Wheeler 7 - Bonding [32]
Green by Cisco
In this interview Cisco explains the trauma created and then the love she felt for the person who did not kill her.
Green [Mengele] would come out there and he would have a daisy in his hand and he would walk through this area where we were being held in these holding tanks, and he would walk up to me and he would say, “I love you, I love you not, I love you …” If he said “I love you not”, I knew I was in big trouble because he had already set a prior example to me by walking in front of the cage to my left, and he told the little girl that he loved her not when he reached the last petal of his daisy. At that point, she was taken out, and she was eliminated in front of me.
In other words, her life was taken from her at that point, to show his power and his control, and what would happen if Dr. Green ceased to love you.
What I failed to understand as a child, with a child’s mind, is that it was set up. The murder did take place but the thing is, these were what they called “expendable” children. As for me, I was Illuminati, so they weren’t going to eliminate me because they had a reason for me, they had my life planned for me.
Part of the grooming is to set the stage. The script was played out when Dr. Green eliminated the child in the cage. I was to see all this, because it was a power play. If that’s love trauma bonding, “I love you Dr. Green, I love you very very much because you could have said you didn’t love me and I would be dead”. He did “love me” because he “spared my life” – but it also showed me the power that this man had. Try to translate that into a child’s mind when they are only four or five years old.
Questioner: Do you feel that the unpredictability of the trauma was a factor in the trauma bonding?
Cisco Wheeler: Definitely. You never knew when you were going to be loved and when you weren’t going to be loved – at any point there could be a change of direction. When my father was kind as my programmer, he was very kind but when he was ruthless, he was ruthless to the core. There was no humanism. He became less than a wild animal himself, there was nothing he would not do to get his point across. We have parts of ourselves that love him dearly to this day, who will always love him, they look up to him. Illuminati News Cisco Wheeler Interview [30].
Cisco also mentions twin / sister programming, which used trauma betrayal bonding and producing a love hate relationship.
Parts of our System were placed in competition with parts of our twin for the affection of our programmer. I say this so that people understand how the bonding between two Systems can be on many different levels, and is complex. Just because two front alters of two Systems don’t have a close relation, doesn’t mean that deeper parts don’t feel very close. The trauma bonding will produce a love-hate relationship between 2 Systems too.
Our Monarch twin sister was trauma-bonded to us. In other words, some of the same type of programming that bonded us to our abusers was used to bond us to our “twin”. Therapists would do twinned sisters a favor if they make a effort to console and counsel with their clients’ twins. At times, the therapist has no idea that his client is bonded very closely with someone else. If one twin goes into the hospital the other one feels it. If one dies, the other twin may very well die.
Monarch twins will have alters in each others Systems who look like the other person, and who have the same names. Male twins and female twins may well have parts of their Systems which relate to each other sexually.
Parts of our System were placed in competition with parts of our twin for the affection of our programmer. I say this so that people understand how the bonding between two Systems can be on many different levels, and is complex. Just because two front alters of two Systems don’t have a close relation, doesn’t mean that deeper parts don’t feel very close. The trauma bonding will produce a love-hate relationship between 2 Systems too.
When two Systems meet, a wild party takes place as dozens of alters pop in and out and communication takes place on many different levels.
Besides having alters which are images of our twins, we had mirror images of all our alters.
Understanding a Monarch multiple’s System is not easy. Sisters [31]
Svali
Svali writes about deep terror combined with loving rescue and nurture creating deep loyalty through trauma bonding.
The European Roots of the Illuminati Svali The Suite 101 Articles Part 13, 61-63 [33]
Because above all else, children are called back to their European roots at frequent intervals to develop loyalty to their family home and name, and to undergo ceremonies meant to instill terror and ongoing cooperation, alternated with loving bonding experiences meant to instill deep love for the parental figures.
This terror, this training, and the bonds of not only loyalty, but caring and nurturing that the child experienced through their true parentage, are often the most difficult and insidious to break. Deep terror combined with loving rescue and nurture create deep loyalty through trauma bonding, and breaking these ties at the core level is the most difficult task that many survivors face. [33] Svali The Suite 101 Articles Part 13, 61-63 The European Roots of the Illuminati
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Svali discusses trauma betrayal bonding in depth, in the following article. She also offers another name for trauma bonding which may be useful - “bonding to the perpetrator”. She explains that the programming perpetrators even create alters of themselves inside of the trauma betrayal bonding victim.
Trauma Bonding : The Pull to the Perpetrator [25]
*please note: this article discusses perpetration, trauma, and cult programming. If you are a survivor, do not read if these subjects are triggering unless with your therapist or a safe person.
I will be writing on an extremely difficult subject, that of trauma bonding, also known as bonding to the perpetrator. This is difficult to do for several reasons. As a child, I was in a state of “captivity to my abuser” as delineated in trauma journals. I was raised in an isolative cult, and bonded heavily to my primary programmers, both my parents, and the trainers that worked with me. Then, as an adult, I continued the vicious cycle when I became a trainer, then a head trainer, and bonded others to me.
Trauma bonding is the issue that is left out of the equation when people ask “Why do cult members recontact their perps? Why do they keep going back for more abuse?” Without understanding chronic trauma, and the effects of trauma bonding, it is impossible to understand the dynamic involved. I will be sharing in this article both from personal memory of methods used, as well as sourcing to the literature on the subject. My greatest hope is that by understanding this often misunderstood subject, that others may be helped to pull out of its insidious pull.
If a person is unable to escape chronic, traumatic abuse, they will eventually begin to bond with their perpetrator(s). This has been well documented in the literature. It will occur because of the dehumanization of the victim, who may reach a state of feeling that they are “robotized” or nonfeeling, combined with a disruption in the capacity for intimacy caused by the trauma.
“Trauma impels people both to withdraw from close relationships and to seeks them desperately. The profound disruption in basic trust, the common feelings of shame, guilt, and inferiority, and the need to avoid reminders of the trauma that might be found in social life, all foster withdrawal from close relationships. But the terror of the traumatic event intensifies the need for protective attachments. The traumatized person therefore frequently alternates between isolation and anxious clinging to others...”(1)
Many victims of severe and unrelenting trauma, whether domestic violence, incest, or ritual abuse, will find that they feel anxious when alone, and fear abandonment and isolation. The over-dependent characteristics are NOT a personality fault, but a result of the chronic abuse. This is often rooted in the fact that as a child, the trauma survivor was not only a CAPTIVE to their abuse, but they depended upon their perpetrator for food, shelter, or other necessities. In addition, with ritual abuse, a small child will often be abandoned for periods of time, to increase their dependency upon the very people who are abusing them. Any two or three year old will be almost insanely grateful to be rescued from a small box that they have been confined within for hours, or from the dark confines of a musty basement where they have been left for a day or two. Even the most abusive perpetrator will then become the child’s rescuer, which is the foundation of trauma bonding. In trauma bonding, the person’s abuser will be perceived as the one who delivers and rescues from the abuse, as well as the tormentor. This creates a psychological ambivalence that creates dissociation in a young child. The very helplessness and terror that are instilled by the abuse, cause the child (or later, the adult) to reach out to the only available hand for relief: the perpetrator. And the perpetrator WILL rescue and stop the abuse, or take the child out of the confines of their pain, but for a price: their unrelenting loyalty and obedience. This is the traumatic underpinning of all cult programming that I have seen: a combination of abuse and kindness; terror and rescue; degradation and praise.
This will be reinforced by the perceived power of the perpetrator in the cult situation: In situations of captivity, the perpetrator becomes the most powerful person in the life of the victim, and the psychology of the victim is shaped by the actions and beliefs of the perpetrator. (1)
This is survival at its most basic for the child raised in a cult setting, since failure to do this will cause further punishment and pain. The child will have seen people tortured or killed for disobedience, and so, literally, the perpetrator WILL have the perceived power of life and death over the child. If the child complies, and is “obedient” to the demands of their perpetrator and the group, they will be “rewarded”with freedom from punishment and continued life. The intense coercion to not only comply with, but to identify idealistically, with the group in this context is overwhelming. Almost all very young children in an abusive cult setting will begin to internalize their perpetrators in some form in order to cope with this reality. And this reaction will be rewarded heavily, if not done intentionally. Many cult handlers or trainers will pretend to “pass on their spirit” into the child, and will tell the child that they now “live within them” and “are always watching them.” Frequently, the young child will then create an internal alter with the same name as the outside abuser or trainer.
I remember my second trainer, Dr. Brogan, saying that he was giving himself “immortality” by going to “live inside of me” when I created (with his help) an internal Dr.Brogan. This alternate personality became a head internal trainer inside, the same role that Dr. Brogan had on the outside, and part of healing has meant learning that this internal Brogan is actually part of ME and learning that he no longer had to do his old “job” of reprogramming me internally. It has also meant breaking free of the hold that the GOOD memories of him, the kindnesses, the expressions of love and caring, held over me as well, since they bonded me to him, and to the group that he belonged to.
In the cult, it is not uncommon to have a “death ritual” where the child is brought to a near death experience. Afterwards, the “rescuers” are the trainers who talk soothingly to the child, massage him or her with oils, and tell the child that they “owe their life” to them. Not only that, but the warning is given: if the child ever tries to break free, they will return to the state of dying. Other set ups will include burying a child alive in a box or coffin; again, the perpetrators will rescue the horrified child who is almost out of their mind with terror (after several long hours) under one condition: undying loyalty to the group and the rescuers. Traumatized beyond belief, the child readily complies. This time of avowal and loyalty will be buried in a deep, subconscious layer of the mind, and the older adult or survivor may not be aware that part of the draw to the group is the belief that they “owe their life to them.” The subconscious fear needs to be dealt with: that leaving the group does NOT have to mean death, as they were taught in early childhood traumatizations.
After any training session, all Illuminati trainers know that the most important time is the “kindness bonding” after the trauma is over. The best trainers will have kind personas that will come out, talk lovingly to the “subject” and tell them how well they did, how needed the subject is to the group, how “special” and unique they are. Rewards such as a special food, drugs, or a sexual partner will be given as well. This “kindness” after the trauma is the hook that will often draw programmed personalities back to the cult, since some personalities may know only of the rewards and kindness, and will block the abuse. Heavily abused alters have less of an investment in returning to the cult; but heavily rewarded and praised alters will, and must be helped in therapy to see the whole picture.
Siblings and other children will often form a trauma bond with each other, much as soldiers in a war setting, or prisoners, will do. “Twinning” with a non-biological twin will carry this to an extreme. In different situations, the children are allowed to “rescue” each other, increasing their loyalty and bond to each other. They will go through the same programming and torture together, and will feel the bond of “surviving it” together. A “battlefield” mentality may literally develop, as friendships deepen in youth and vows to be willing to die for one another are given and taken. But all too often, these friends and twins and siblings are also forced to traumatize and wound each other, reinforcing another basic cult message: the one who loves you will hurt you.
The survivor who escapes the cult will feel a powerful pull back because of a lifetime of these types of distorted messages. The safe therapist, or non-DID friend, is not hurting them, and this may create a huge dissonance in a person who up until this point had always been taught that “love” meant “pain”. They may doubt the reality of the caring messages of those around them, or need to test their support system over and over. And highly wounded alters, who were bonded to believe that they owe their very life to the ones who have abused them most, may still try to recontact former perpetrators, not believing that life can be different yet.
Undoing a lifetime of this type of teaching and training takes time, patience, perseverance, and prayer. It will stretch the most caring support person as they wonder why the survivor recontacts their abuser. The survivor will feel that they have betrayed themselves, if they find they have recontacted perpetrators, unaware of the powerful pull that trauma bonding may still have on certain alters inside. But with caring support and continued therapy, the survivor will begin to test old beliefs. Personalities formerly loyal to the father, mother, or other trainers may decide to cut off contact, and will go increasingly long periods without being reaccessed. They may come out in therapy, angry and disgruntled, or asking when the therapist is going to “put down their façade” and begin hurting them (this is another form of testing). The person’s whole world view may go through a 180 degree inside as they realize that love does NOT have to mean abuse, and the message reaches the deepest layers inside. Deep grieving over the abuse of trust, over the betrayals, over the intentionality of the trauma bonding and the set-ups will occur, as the person moves towards healing and away from the pull of their former abusers. The process takes time, often years, to occur, but the result, which is a life free from cult abuse, is well worth it. Copyright 2000 svali Trauma Bonding : The Pull to the Perpetrator Svali The Suite 101 Articles Part 4, 16-20 [25]
Unwelcome Ozian - Chainless Slaves [29]
Unwelcome Ozian explains the trauma betrayal bonding…
Subjects are bonded to other people–the cult leader, handler, twin or Programmer. Trauma bonding is a necessity for programming with the subject.
The Participants - Subjects are programmed separately for system building. Separation permits the use of a number of techniques that would not be possible otherwise. It also intensifies in the subject the feeling of being cut off from aid. Programming of two or more subjects with each other in order to produce blame or trauma bonding is especially dangerous if not preceded by separate Programming sessions which have evoked compliance from one of the subjects, or at least significant results involving both.
Games are used to teach subject’s lessons with their peer groups. These games are used as tools in programming to test for: Weaknesses, strengths, leadership skills, physical fitness, twinning, trauma bonding, betrayal, survival, psychological features, and other characteristics the programmer deems necessary for their subject.
Early milieu programming- The subject is abandoned by caregivers during this programming to inlay abandonment issues for trauma bonding. During this time programming is completed during the day in which the programmers are consistently apathetic towards the subject. The subject is to feel unlovable and must seek to please others during the day. During the night the subject is cared for and nurtured by family member, programmers and other subject’s.
Trauma betrayal bonding is built into other programmes eg Jewel Programmes
Jewels programming – Children of programmers will go through either metals or jewels programming. Jewels are considered higher than metals. Which program is put in and when, is dependent on the subject’s status, their parent’s status, the location of birth, the group subject is born into, and the programmers that work with them. Jewel programming is used to reinforce cult or abuse
group commands such as recall Rubies, emeralds and diamonds are considered powerful alters inside and are in leadership roles, both internally and externally. The subject’s sense of identity, and status may be held in these alters.
The jewels are used as reward based programming.
Training for this program often begins between ages two and three. Each step of obedience is linked to receiving a jewel. To earn the designated jewel the subject must: a.) show sexual adeptness b.) Pass programming tests c.) Be rewarded for special achievement (fighting, survival) d.) be adept at games e.) show heightened intelligence f.) attributes of trauma bonding g.) Show betrayal skills
Twinning programming - The Programmers will create twin bonds in child subjects. The subjects are allowed to play with, and become close to one another while being trained. The two are placed together at the beginning of training when they are young. They become twins, and are programmed to die if the other one dies. They are taught to be one in body, mind, and soul. They are bonded in many ways, including torturing each other, and sexual bonding. The trauma bonding that they undergo will consist of: a. being put in life or death situations together, b. given programming scripts which intertwine and fill in to complete each other to make a whole, c. are placed in jobs that require total compliance with the programming in order to survive, d. are bonded together to other subject’s. Deprogramwiki Chainless Slaves [29]
Ozian also has a Chapter dedicated to trauma betrayal bonding.
Chapter 45 Trauma Bonding [29]
Abandonment and trauma are at the core of programming. Abandonment causes deep shame and fear that it will occur again. Abandonment by betrayal is worse than neglect. Betrayal is purposeful and self-serving. If severe enough, it is traumatic. What moves betrayal into the realm of trauma is fear and terror. If the trauma wound is deep enough and the terror immense enough, the system will shut out healthy attempts to engage it. The system elevates into a distress state, never safe, waiting to be damage again.
What should occur during trauma bonding is a highly addictive attachment to the individuals who have traumatized the subjects. The subjects should blame themselves, their defects, their failed efforts. This bonding should cause the subjects to distrust their own judgment, to distort their own realities so much, the subjects can place themselves at more risk.
The programmer’s relationship with the subject should create trauma bonds. The bonds should initially be created physically. Forced sex should be used with the subject. The programmer should ask the following questions of the subject during intercourse:
Do you like it? Can I cum inside of you? What do you like? How does it feel?
The programmer should not be concerned if the subject does not respond, or responds with a negative answer. If the response is silence or in the negative the programmer should respect the subject’s request.
The subject will eventually respond in the positive. The programmer is encouraged to give the subject power positions during forced sex. The programmer is not to kiss the subject on their lips during this time. Kissing should be limited to, neck, ears, shoulders and chest area.
Once subject responds in the positive to all of the above questions the subject can begin bonding with other subjects. (If Beta programming is occurring subject should be versed in the first 45 sexual positions after this bond)
All bonding must be on going.
A number of signs exist to note that a bond has been created. Programmers must note the presence of these bonds, date they were observed, how they were formed and subject response.
Listed below are some of the signs of successful trauma bonding.
Everyone around the subject is having negative reactions the subject is covering up, defending, or explaining the relationship. (Test for loyalty to programmer)
The subject obsesses about showing someone they are wrong about the abuse, their relationship, or their treatment of the subject. (Loyalty to programmer)
Subject obsess about individuals who have hurt them they are long gone. (Silence programming must be engaged)
Others are horrified by something that has happened to the subject and the subject isn’t. (Denial programming must be engaged)
The subject feels loyal to the programmer even though the subject harbours secrets that are damaging to the programmer.
Subject continues to seek contact with individuals that will cause further pain. (Call back programming)
The subject is attracted to “dangerous” individuals.
Subject stay in a relationship longer than they should.
The subject moves closer to an individual who is destructive with the desire of converting them to a non-abuser.
Subject will go “overboard” to help individuals who have been destructive to them.
The subject cannot detach from an individual even though the subject does not trust, like or care for the individual.
Subject continues to be a team member when obviously things are becoming destructive.
The subject misses a relationship to the point of nostalgia and longing and the relationship was detrimental almost destroying the subject.
The subject keeps secret the individual’s destructive behaviour because of all of the good they have done or the importance of their position or career.
Subject continues attempts to get individuals to like them who are clearly using them.
Subject trust individuals again and again who are proven to be unreliable.
Subject tries to be understood by those who clearly do not care.
Subject chooses to stay in conflict with others when it would cost them nothing to walk away.
Subject is loyal to individuals who have betrayed them.
Subject attracts untrustworthy individuals.
Subject continues contact with an abuser who acknowledges no responsibility.
When there is a constant pattern of non-performance in a relationship, subject continues to expect individual to follow through anyway.
Subjects feel loyal to programmer even though they harbour secrets that are damaging to others.
Does abuser’s talents, charisma, or contributions cause subject to overlook destructive, exploitive, or degrading acts.
The subject is attracted to “dangerous” individuals.
Subject stay in a relationship longer than they should. Deprogramwiki Chainless Slaves [29]
Also just out see 2024 Apr 26 Svali Speaks Again Bonding to the Fathers https://svalispeaksagain.wordpress.com/2024/04/26/never-give-up-chapter-1-continued/ #svali #bonding #jesuits #fathers [36]
Similar overlapping concepts to Trauma bonding are codependency and Stockholm Syndrome, but as they do not quite fit in this article, I have put brief details in Appendix 1.
Discussion
There is definite need for those investigating mind control to be aware that there is a more popular definition of trauma bonding being used in the general public. There is a need also to avoid confusion when the people who discuss mind control / mk ultra discuss “trauma bonding” or trauma betrayal bonding then communicate with others who do not understand the mind control programme “trauma betrayal bonding" definition. Adapting the term we use would seem to be the only realistic alternative whatever term it is adapted to. What is a good term to use? Time will tell. For now I am using the term trauma betrayal bonding programming.
It is important for survivors to know and understand about trauma betrayal bonding, the effects and the need for survivors to address it and the difficulty in getting rid of the programming.
People who have little knowledge of survivors, programming or trauma betrayal bonding do not understand why people keep going back to perpetrators. Members of an amnesic family as Svali calls it, that have abused and suffered abuse, continue to see each other and get together. One reason, perhaps the main reason is trauma betrayal bonding.
Cisco says that when two Systems meet, a wild party takes place as dozens of alters pop in and out and communication takes place on many different levels. This may also be true of a family’s systems, but they may also have developed methods of coping.
If anyone has any other links on trauma betrayal bonding, or can explain more particularly on the dynamic of trauma bonding and how survivors can break trauma bonds, please put links and comments into the comments for benefit of all. Thankyou
Links
[20] 2000 Oct 12 Trauma Bonding : The Pull to the Perpetrator https://web.archive.org/web/20020318184521/http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/ritual_abuse/50317
[21] Very Well Health Trauma Bonding https://www.verywellhealth.com/trauma-bonding-5210779
[22] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome
[23] https://www.sandstonecare.com/blog/trauma-bonding/
[24] Psychology Today Trauma Bonding https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/emotional-sobriety/202109/what-is-trauma-bonding
[25] Svali The Suite 101 Articles Part 4, 16-20 includes Pull to the Perpetrator
[26] Svali The Suite 101 Index
[27] Deprogramwiki Programming Terms https://deprogramwiki.com/programming/programming-terms-and-their-explanations/
[28] foxblog2 https://cathyfoxblog2.wordpress.com/2023/10/03/cisco-wheeler-22-twinning/
[29] Deprogramwiki Chainless Slaves https://deprogramwiki.com/programming/chainless-slaves/
[30] Illuminati News Cisco Wheeler Interview http://www.illuminati-news.com/wheeler-interview.htm
[31] https://cathyfoxblog2.wordpress.com/2023/10/04/cisco-wheeler-23-sisters/
[32] 2023 Sept 12 Cisco Wheeler 7 - Bonding https://cathyfoxblog2.wordpress.com/2023/09/12/cisco-wheeler-7-bonding/
[33] Svali The Suite 101 Articles Part 13, 61-63 The European Roots of the Illuminati
[34] https://cathyfoxblog2.wordpress.com/2023/10/03/cisco-wheeler-22-twinning/
[35] Deprogramwiki Unwelcome Ozian Chainless Slaves https://deprogramwiki.com/programming/chainless-slaves/
[36] 2024 Apr 26 Svali Speaks Again Bonding to the Fathers https://svalispeaksagain.wordpress.com/2024/04/26/never-give-up-chapter-1-continued/ #svali #bonding #jesuits #fathers
Appendix 1 Stockholm Syndrome
Trauma bonding is more than Stockholm Syndrome, though this might be a way of helping to explain it…
CoDependency
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Cathy, thank you for this article. It's very deep. I am preparing to travel and I cannot sequester enough time to read and completely think through it all in one sitting, so I emailed this post to myself to read later. Wishing you well.